What classification of drugs do substances like barbiturates belong to?

Barbiturates are classified as hypnotics because they are primarily used to induce sleep and relaxation. These drugs act on the central nervous system and enhance the effects of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which leads to sedation and sleep induction. Their effectiveness in producing sedation makes them suitable for treating insomnia and anxiety disorders, as well as for use in anesthesia.

While barbiturates can also have sedative and antidepressant properties similar to those of tranquilizers, their main function aligns closely with that of hypnotics—specifically, their role in promoting sleep. This distinguishes them from non-narcotic analgesics, which are mainly used for pain relief, and analgesics in general, which focus on reducing pain rather than inducing sleep. Therefore, the classification of barbiturates as hypnotics fits best within the pharmacological context of their primary use.